He aha ka DHA?

ʻO DHA ka waikawa docosahexaenoic, nona nā waikawa momona polyunsaturated omega-3 (Kiʻi 1). No ke aha i kapa ʻia ai he waikawa momona polyunsaturated OMEGA-3? ʻO ka mea mua, he 6 mau pilina pālua unsaturated kona kaulahao waikawa momona; ʻo ka lua, ʻo OMEGA ka leka Helene 24 a me ka leka hope loa. ʻOiai ʻo ka pilina pālua unsaturated hope loa i loko o ke kaulahao waikawa momona aia ma ke kolu o ka ʻātoma kalapona mai ka hopena methyl, ua kapa ʻia ʻo OMEGA-3, e lilo ia i waikawa momona polyunsaturated OMEGA-3.

Dka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ke ʻano hana o DHA

ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ke kaumaha o ke kumu lolo he lipid, waiwai i nā waikawa momona polyunsaturated OMEGA-3, me DHA e noho ana i 90% o nā waikawa momona polyunsaturated OMEGA-3 a me 10-20% o ka huina lipids o ka lolo. ʻO ka EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) a me ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi wale nō. ʻO DHA ka ʻāpana nui o nā ʻano lipid membrane like ʻole, e like me nā neuronal synapses, endoplasmic reticulum, a me mitochondria. Eia kekahi, pili ʻo DHA i ka transduction hōʻailona i hoʻopili ʻia e ka membrane cell, ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, ka hoʻoponopono oxidative neural, a laila e hoʻonohonoho ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo a me ka hana. No laila, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ia i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo, ka hoʻoili neural, ka hoʻomanaʻo, ka ʻike, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

Ua waiwai nui nā cell photoreceptor ma ka ʻāpana photosensitive o ka retina i nā polyunsaturated fatty acids, me DHA e helu ana ma mua o 50% o nā polyunsaturated fatty acids (Yeboah et al., 2021 Journal of Lipid Research; Calder, 2016 Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism). ʻO DHA ka ʻāpana mua o nā unsaturated fatty acids nui i loko o nā cell photoreceptor, e komo ana i ke kūkulu ʻana o kēia mau cell, a me ke komo ʻana i ka visual signal transduction a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o nā cell i ka pane ʻana i ka oxidative stress (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics).

DHA a me ke Ola Kino Kanaka

Ke Kūlana o DHA i ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Lolo, ka ʻIke, ka Hoʻomanaʻo, a me ka Manaʻo Hana

Ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka lobe frontal o ka lolo e ka lako DHA(Nā Lipids Goustard-Langelie 1999), e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hiki ke noʻonoʻo, me ka noʻonoʻo pono, ka hoʻoholo ʻana, a me ka manaʻo a me ke ʻano o ke kanaka. No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o DHA ʻaʻole wale ia he mea nui no ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo i ka wā hāpai a me ka wā ʻōpio, akā he mea nui hoʻi no ka noʻonoʻo a me ke ʻano o nā pākeke. ʻO ka hapalua o ka DHA i loko o ka lolo o kahi pēpē e hele mai ana mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka DHA o ka makuahine i ka wā hāpai, ʻoiai ʻo ka lawe ʻana o ka pēpē i kēlā me kēia lā o DHA he 5 mau manawa o kahi pākeke.(ʻO Bourre, J. Nutr. Ola Kino ʻElemakule 2006; McNamara et al., Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. momona. Nā ʻakika 2006)No laila, he mea nui e loaʻa ka DHA lawa i ka wā hāpai a me ka wā kamaliʻi. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohui nā makuahine me 200 mg o DHA i kēlā me kēia lā i ka wā hāpai a me ka hānai waiū.(Koletzko et al., J. Perinat. Med.2008; Mana Palekana Meaʻai ʻEulopa, EFSA J. 2010)Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina like ʻole e hoʻonui ka hoʻohui ʻana o DHA i ka wā hāpai i ke kaumaha a me ka lōʻihi o ka hānau ʻana.(Makrides et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2006), ʻoiai e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka wā kamaliʻi(Helland et al., Pediatrics 2003).

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana me ka DHA i ka wā hānai waiū e hoʻonui i ka ʻōlelo gestural (Meldrum et al., Br. J. Nutr. 2012), hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo o ka pēpē, a hoʻonui i ka IQ (Drover et al., Early Hum. Dev.2011; Cohen Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005). Hōʻike nā keiki i hoʻopihapiha ʻia me DHA i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke aʻo ʻōlelo a me nā mākau pela.(Da lton et a l., Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. momona. Nā ʻakika 2009).

ʻOiai ʻaʻole maopopo nā hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka DHA i ka wā makua, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i waena o nā ʻōpio o ke kulanui e hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka DHA no ʻehā pule ke hoʻoikaika i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo (Karr et al., Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2012). I loko o nā heluna kanaka me ka hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ʻole a mehameha paha, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o DHA ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanaʻo episodic (Yurko-Mauro et al., PLoS ONE 2015; Jaremka et al., Psychosom. Med. 2014)

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka DHA i nā pākeke e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mākau noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. ʻO ka mea hina, aia ma ka ʻili waho o ka cortex o ka lolo, kākoʻo i nā hana noʻonoʻo a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole i loko o ka lolo, a me ka hanauna o nā manaʻo a me ka ʻike. Eia nō naʻe, emi ka nui o ka mea hina me ka makahiki, a ʻo ke kaumaha oxidative a me ka mumū i loko o nā ʻōnaehana nerve a me ka pale ʻana e piʻi pū me ka makahiki. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka DHA ke hoʻonui a mālama paha i ka nui o ka mea hina a hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me nā mākau noʻonoʻo (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

I ka holomua ʻana o ka makahiki, emi ka hoʻomanaʻo, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka dementia. Hiki i nā maʻi lolo ʻē aʻe ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi Alzheimer, kahi ʻano dementia i ka poʻe ʻelemakule. Manaʻo kekahi mau noiʻi e hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā ma mua o 200 milligrams o DHA ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo a i ʻole ka dementia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hōʻike maopopo no ka hoʻohana ʻana o DHA i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi Alzheimer, akā hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua he hopena maikaʻi ko ka hoʻohui ʻana o DHA i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi Alzheimer (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

DHA a me ke Ola Kino o ka Maka

Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻiole he pili loa ka hemahema o ka DHA retinal, inā paha ma muli o ka synthesis a i ʻole nā ​​kumu halihali, me ka hemahema o ka ʻike maka. ʻO nā maʻi me ka macular degeneration e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka retinopathy e pili ana i ka maʻi diabetes, a me nā dystrophies pigment retinal he haʻahaʻa ko lākou mau pae DHA i loko o ko lākou koko. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā he kumu a he hopena paha kēia. ʻAʻole i alakaʻi ʻia nā haʻawina lapaʻau a ʻiole paha e hoʻohui ana i ka DHA a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waikawa momona polyunsaturated kaulahao lōʻihi i kahi hopena maopopo (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics). Eia naʻe, no ka mea, ua waiwai ka retina i nā waikawa momona polyunsaturated kaulahao lōʻihi, me DHA ka ʻāpana nui, he mea nui ka DHA no ke olakino maka maʻamau o ke kanaka (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics; Li et al., Food Science & Nutrition).

DHA a me ke olakino cardiovascular

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā waikawa momona saturated he mea hōʻino ia i ke olakino cardiovascular, ʻoiai he pono nā waikawa momona unsaturated. ʻOiai aia nā hōʻike e hoʻolaha ana ka DHA i ke olakino cardiovascular, hōʻike pū kekahi mau haʻawina he nui ʻaʻole maopopo nā hopena o DHA i ke olakino cardiovascular. Ma ke ʻano pili, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko EPA (Sherrat et al., Cardiovasc Res 2024). Eia nō naʻe, ʻōlelo ka American Heart Association i nā maʻi maʻi coronary heart e hoʻohui i 1 gram o EPA+DHA i kēlā me kēia lā (Siscovick et al., 2017, Circulation).