Ama-vesicle angaphandle kweseli angama-nano vesicle akhiqizwa amaseli, anobubanzi obungu-30-200 nm, ahlanganiswe ne-lipid bilayer membrane, ephethe ama-nucleic acid, amaprotheni, ama-lipid, kanye nama-metabolites. Ama-vesicle angaphandle kweseli ayithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuxhumana phakathi kwamangqamuzana futhi ahlanganyela ekushintshisaneni kwezinto phakathi kwamaseli. Ama-vesicle angaphandle kweseli angakhishwa amaseli ahlukahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile nezingokwezifo, ikakhulukazi atholakala ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ze-lysosomal eziningi ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-membrane engaphandle kweseli kanye ne-membrane yangaphandle yamaseli amaningi, akhishwa ku-matrix engaphandle kweseli. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuphansi kwe-immunogenicity, imiphumela emibi engeyona enobuthi, ikhono eliqinile lokukhomba, kanye nekhono lokuwela isithiyo segazi-ubuchopho, kubhekwa njengomuntu ongaba ngumthwali wezidakamizwa. Ngo-2013, uMklomelo weNobel ku-Physiology noma kwezokwelapha wanikezwa ososayensi abathathu abahilelekile ocwaningweni lwama-vesicle angaphandle. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kube nocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokuthengiswa kwama-vesicle angaphandle kweseli kokubili kwezemfundo nasembonini.

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Ama-vesicle angaphandle kweseli avela kumaseli ezitshalo acebile ngezithako ezisebenzayo eziyingqayizivele, anomthamo omncane, futhi angangena ezicutshini. Iningi lawo lingagwinywa futhi lingene ngqo emathunjini. Isibonelo, amabhamuza e-ginseng awusizo ekuhlukaniseni amaseli e-stem abe amaseli ezinzwa, kuyilapho amabhamuza e-ginger engalawula i-gut microbiota futhi anciphise i-colitis. Ama-Microalgae yizitshalo ezindala kakhulu ezineseli elilodwa eMhlabeni. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-300000 zama-microalgae, asakazeke kabanzi olwandle, emachibini, emifuleni, ogwadule, emathafeni, eqhwa nakwezinye izindawo, anezici zesifunda ezihlukile. Kuyo yonke intuthuko yoMhlaba oyizigidigidi ezintathu, ama-microalgae abelokhu ekwazi ukuchuma njengamaseli elilodwa eMhlabeni, okuhlobene eduze nokukhula kwawo okungavamile kanye namakhono okuziphilisa.

Ama-vesicle e-microalgae extracellular ayizinto ezintsha ezisebenzayo zezokwelapha ezinokuphepha okuphezulu nokuzinza. Ama-Microalgae anezinzuzo zenqubo yokulima elula nelawulekayo, izindleko eziphansi, ukukhula okusheshayo, isivuno esikhulu se-vesicle, kanye nobunjiniyela obulula ekukhiqizweni kwama-vesicle e-extracellular. Ezifundweni zangaphambilini, kutholakale ukuthi ama-vesicle e-microalgae extracellular afakwa kalula ngaphakathi ngamaseli. Ezilwaneni, kutholakale ukuthi amuncwa ngqo emathunjini futhi acebiswe ezicutshini ezithile. Ngemva kokungena ku-cytoplasm, ingahlala izinsuku eziningana, okuzuzisa ukukhululwa kwemithi isikhathi eside.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-vesicle e-microalgae extracellular anamandla okulayisha imithi eminingi, athuthukise ukuzinza kwama-molecule, ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngomlomo, futhi axazulule izithiyo zokulethwa kwemithi ezikhona. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-vesicle e-microalgae extracellular kunethuba eliphezulu ekuhunyushweni kwezokwelapha kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni.