Udukoko two hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo ni utunyangingo duto tw’ingirabuzimafatizo dukurwa n’uturemangingo, dufite umurambararo wa 30-200 nm, dupfunyitse mu ruhu rw’ibinure, dutwara aside nucleic, poroteyine, lipide, na metabolites. Udukoko two hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo ni cyo gikoresho cy’ingenzi cyo gutumanaho hagati y’uturemangingo kandi kigira uruhare mu ihererekanya ry’ibintu hagati y’uturemangingo. Udukoko two hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo dushobora gukurwa n’uturemangingo dutandukanye mu bihe bisanzwe kandi by’uburwayi, ahanini bikomoka ku ikorwa ry’uduce duto twa lysosomal twinshi imbere mu turemangingo. Nyuma yo kwivanga kw’urumogi rwo hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo n’urumogi rwo hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo nyinshi, birekurwa mu gice cy’ingirabuzimafatizo. Bitewe n’ubushobozi buke bwo kwirinda indwara, ingaruka mbi zitarimo uburozi, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kwibasira, n’ubushobozi bwo kwambuka umupaka w’amaraso n’ubwonko, bifatwa nk’umuti ushobora gutwara. Mu 2013, igihembo cya Nobel mu buvuzi cyangwa mu buvuzi cyahawe abahanga batatu bagize uruhare mu bushakashatsi ku dukoko two hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo. Kuva icyo gihe, habayeho ubushakashatsi, ikoreshwa, n’ubucuruzi bwa vesicles zo hanze y’ingirabuzimafatizo haba mu mashuri no mu nganda.

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Udukoko two mu bwoko bwa vesicles duturuka mu turemangingo tw’ibimera dukungahaye ku bintu byihariye bikora, dufite ingano nto, kandi dushobora kwinjira mu turemangingo. Ibyinshi muri byo bishobora kwinjizwa mu mara no kwinjira mu mara. Urugero, udukoko twa ginseng ni ingirakamaro mu gutandukanya uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo mu turemangingo tw’imitsi, mu gihe udukoko twa tangawizi dushobora kugenzura mikorobe zo mu nda no kugabanya indwara ya colitis. Udukoko duto ni two tumera twa kera cyane ku Isi. Hari ubwoko hafi 300000 bw’udukoko duto, dukwirakwiriye mu nyanja, mu biyaga, mu migezi, mu butayu, mu misozi miremire, mu birunga n’ahandi, dufite imiterere yihariye mu karere. Mu gihe cy’impinduka z’Isi miliyari 3, udukoko duto twagiye dushobora gutera imbere nk’uturemangingo twihariye ku Isi, bifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kwivura budasanzwe.

Udukoko two mu bwoko bwa microalgae extracellular vesicles ni ibikoresho bishya bikora mu buzima bifite umutekano mwinshi kandi bihamye. Udukoko two mu bwoko bwa microalgae dufite ibyiza byo guhinga byoroshye kandi bigenzurwa, bihendutse, bikura vuba, bitanga umusaruro mwinshi, kandi byoroshye gukora vesicles zo mu bwoko bwa extracellular vesicles. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere, byagaragaye ko uturemangingo two mu bwoko bwa microalgae extracellular vesicles tworoshye kwinjiramo n'uturemangingo. Mu nyamaswa, byagaragaye ko twinjizwa mu mara mu buryo butaziguye kandi twungukiye mu ngingo runaka. Nyuma yo kwinjira muri cytoplasm, dushobora kumara iminsi myinshi, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro mu kurekura imiti igihe kirekire.

Byongeye kandi, utunyangingo tw’utunyangingo tw’inkeri dufite ubushobozi bwo gushyira imiti myinshi, kunoza ubushobozi bwa molekile, kurekura ibintu mu buryo buhoraho, kwihuza n’imiti mu kanwa, no gukemura inzitizi zihari zo gutanga imiti. Kubwibyo, iterambere rya tunyangingo tw’inkeri tw’inkeri dufite ubushobozi bwo guhindura no guteza imbere inganda.