Ngaphambi kokuba zithathwe njengezingxengxezo zeseli ezingakhathalelwanga ezingcwatywe nzulu kwiincwadi zebhayoloji, ii-exosome ngoku ziye zaba “yigolide elulwelo” emehlweni emali—ishishini elixabisa amashumi ezigidi zeerandi.

Ukususela kwimibono engaqondakaliyo yelabhoratri ukuya kwinkqubela phambili yegolide kwimizi-mveliso, ukusuka ekungathandabuzini kwezemfundo ukuya ekuxakekeni kwezorhwebo—wamkelekile kuhambo olungaqhelekanga lwee-exosomes. Namhlanje, masinqumle ingxolo size sichaze “uguquko lokuhambisa” olusasazeka kwisayensi yobomi.

Ukusuka kwi-“Cellular Trash” ukuya kwiNkqubo yePosi esemthethweni:

Ukuphakama kwee-Exosomes

Ngo-1983, abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins, ngelixa befunda ngee-reticulocytes zeegusha, badibana nee-vesicles ezincinci nezingaqondakaliyo. La masuntswana ayefana “neengxowa zenkunkuma” zeeseli, ezizaliswe ziiproteni ezazingasafuneki yiseli. Uluntu lwezenzululwazi aluzange lujonge phezulu: “Yinkunkuma nje yeeseli.”

Ngo-1987, uNjingalwazi uRose Johnstone wabiza ngokusemthethweni la ma-vesicle ngokuthi “ii-exosomes”, igama elisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

Inguqu yafika ngo-1996. UG. Raposo kunye noogxa bakhe bafumanisa ukuba ii-exosomes ezikhutshwa yi-B lymphocytes zazithwele iimolekyuli ze-MHC class II ezikwaziyo ukuvuselela iiseli ze-T kwi-vitro. Olu yayilubungqina bokuqala bokuba ii-exosomes zinomsebenzi wokulawula amajoni omzimba—kwaye oko kwavula ithuba lokuba zibe “ngabathumeli beeseli.”

Ngamafutshane: iseli yesibindi ibhala umyalezo, iwunike i-exosome courier, ehamba ngegazi ize yamkelwe yiseli yezintso.

Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha, izazinzulu eziphambili zazingaqinisekanga.
“Akunakwenzeka.”
"Kunokwenzeka ukuba ungcoliseko."

Ngoko ke, ixesha lokuqala lophando oluvela kwindalo engaphandle laphela ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Sekunjalo, izixhobo zekamva zazisele ziqalile ukuguquka.

2007: Ixesha apho yonke into itshintshile khona

Ngowama-2007, ii-exosomes zenze ukubuya okumangalisayo.

Iphepha elibalulekileyo elipapashwe liqela likaJan Lötvall kwijenali yosapho lweNature lityhile ukuba ii-exosomes azithwali nje imiqondiso—zithwala imiyalelo yemfuza ekwaziyo ukubhala ngokutsha ikamva leseli.

Khawuthelekelele oku: iseli ipakisha i-mRNA yayo ebaluleke kakhulu kunye ne-miRNA elawulayo kwi-exosome—ibhokisi yokuhambisa yebhayoloji—ekhutshwa kwiincindi zomzimba. Nje ukuba ifunyenwe yenye iseli, le miyalelo iyasuswa, iguqulelwe kwiiproteni ezintsha, okanye isetyenziswe ukwenza ngokutsha iinkqubo zokubonakalisa iijini.

Olu fumaniso lwalubaluleke kakhulu.

Ii-Exosomes azizange zibe yimveliso engabonakaliyo—zaba yinkqubo esemthethweni yeposi yonxibelelwano lwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kweeseli. Inzondelelo yesayensi yanda, kwaye iilabhoratri kwihlabathi liphela zajika zagxila kwezi zithunywa ze-nanoscale.

Kungekudala, abaphandi baqonda ukuba ii-exosomes zikho kuyo yonke indawo—kwaye zihlala ziphakathi kwesenzo:
• Kwindawo encinci yethumba, iiseli zomhlaza zigcwalisa ii-exosomes ngemiqondiso ye-pro-tumor kunye nemiyalezo efihla amasosha omzimba, yonakalisa izicubu eziphilileyo ezijikeleze kunye neendlela zokwakha ukuze zingene.
• Kwihlabathi lee-stem cells, ii-exosomes zikhokela iiseli ezingavuthwanga ekuphuhlisweni okufanelekileyo kwezicubu, ukulungiswa kwezicubu, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwazo.

Inkunzi Ingena Kwibala Lemidlalo:

Ukuqala Kwengxolo Yezorhwebo

Ngowama-2013, iMbasa yeNobel kwiPhysiology okanye kwiMedicine yagxininisa ukulawulwa kokuthengiswa kwee-vesicle ngaphakathi kweeseli. Nangona igama elithi “exosome” lalingakhange lithethwe ngokucacileyo, umyalezo wawungaphazami: inkqubo yangaphakathi ye-logistics yeseli yayifumene inkxaso ephezulu yesayensi.

UCapital uphulaphule.

Ingqiqo yeshishini yabonakala ngequbuliso:
Ukuba iiseli zenzeka kwaye zithumela ii-courier zebhayoloji ngokwemvelo, ngaba abantu bangazicwangcisa ezi -courier kwisizukulwana esilandelayo sezonyango ezichanekileyo?

Utyalo-mali lungene kakhulu.

Ngowama-2015, iCodiak BioSciences yasekwa ukuze iphuhlise unyango lwe-exosome olukumgangatho weklinikhi lomhlaza wepancreatic. Ngaloo nyaka mnye, yaqokelela i-USD ezingama-31 ezigidi kwi-Series A, yalandelwa yi-USD ezingama-61 ezigidi kwi-Series B kunye ne-USD ezingama-76.5 ezigidi kwi-Series C. Ngowama-2020, iCodiak yafakwa ngempumelelo kwi-NASDAQ.

Okwangoku, ii-biomarkers ezithathwe kwi-exosome zaqala ukuvela njengesiseko se-biopsy yolwelo. Xa kuthelekiswa neeseli ze-tumor ezijikelezayo (ii-CTC), ii-exosomes kulula kakhulu ukuzifumana—zifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iilwelo zomzimba. Ukutsalwa kwegazi kube kanye kunokubonisa iimpawu zomhlaza. Ngokutsho kwe-Precedence Research, ngo-2022, i-7.67% yeenkampani ze-IVD zehlabathi kwisithuba se-biopsy yolwelo zigxile ekufumaneni i-exosome kunye ne-extracellular vesicle.

Ukuwela kwi-Aesthetics kunye ne-Skin Care

Ii-Exosomes nazo zingene ngokuzolileyo kwindawo yobuhle bezonyango kunye nebala lokhathalelo lolusu.

Izithako ezisebenzayo zemveli zihlala zinengxaki yokungena kwi-stratum corneum ngenxa yobukhulu beemolekyuli okanye ukunqongophala kozinzo. Nangona kunjalo, ii-Exosomes zinokuhambisa ii-miRNA kunye neeproteni ngokuguqula iindlela eziphambili zokubonisana, zifezekise ukuhlanganiswa kweeseli kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemithwalo ngokufanelekileyo.

Uphando lweClarins lubonise ukuba ii-exosomes ezivela kwi-keratinocyte zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni umbala. Imveliso yayo iBright Plus Serum ifaka i-tiger tail fruit extract egudileyo ukuthintela le ndlela kumthombo.

I-Sulwhasoo's Timetreasure Honorstige Cream inee-exosomes ezivela kwi-ginseng ezenzelwe ukujolisa kwiimpawu ezininzi zokuguga.

Njengoko ubuchwepheshe be-exosome obuvela kwizityalo buqhubeka buhambela phambili, iimpawu ezininzi zokuhombisa ziyangena kweli candelo. Olu "qhambuko" lwee-exosome zezityalo aluyondlela nje yokuthengisa—luyimiphumo engenakuphepheka yokuvuthwa kwetekhnoloji, iingenelo zezinto eziluhlaza, kunye notshintsho kwimfuno yemarike.

Ngaphantsi koMbhiyozo:

Iintlungu Zokukhula Okanye Zebhamuza?

Emva kovuyo, kukho imingeni enzima elindelekileyo.

Okokuqala: ukucocwa. Ii-exosomes zingasuswa njani ngokufanelekileyo kwingxolo enkulu yebhayoloji?
Okwesibini: ukulayisha imithwalo. Ukulayisha ulwazi ngokuchanekileyo kwii-exosomes akusebenzi kakuhle—kufana nokupakisha izinto ezahlukeneyo ngesandla kumashumi amawaka eepakethe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kube nzima ukukhulisa imithwalo.
Okwesithathu: ummiselo. Ngaba unyango lweeseli ze-exosomes lunyango? Iinkqubo zokuhambisa amayeza? Amayeza e-gene? Iindlela zomthetho azikacaci, nto leyo enyanzela abenzi bezinto ezintsha ukuba bahambe kwinkungu.

Eyona nto yayindivusela kakhulu yayivela kwinyani yezonyango.

Ngowama-2022, iyeza le-exosome elalilindelwe kakhulu yiCodiak alizange lifikelele kwiziphumo zalo eziphambili zonyango. Ixabiso lesitokhwe senkampani lehla ngobusuku obunye. Ngonyaka olandelayo, iCodiak yafaka isicelo sokubhanga. Okokuqala ngqa, umsantsa phakathi kweengcamango zesayensi kunye nenyaniso yezonyango wabonakala.

Kwangaxeshanye, kwicandelo le-aesthetics elilawulwa ngokukhululekileyo, kwaqhambuka iingxoxo. “Ii-stem cell exosomes,” “ii-exosomes ezivela kwizilwanyana”—amagama angaqhelekanga aphindaphindeka, ngelixa ukujongwa kusilela. Ii-serums ezibiza kakhulu zigqume iinyaniso zezithako ezingacacanga. Kwezinye iimeko, ingcamango yee-exosomes yaguquka yaba yi-alchemy yanamhlanje egqunywe ngamazwi esayensi.

Kwanakwiingcali zemfundo ephakamileyo, kwavela amathandabuzo asisiseko:
Ngaba uninzi "lweziphumo zemimangaliso" ezixeliweyo zingaba ziimpawu zeemeko zenkcubeko yeseli?
Xa isivumelwano esisisiseko sesayensi siqala ukushukuma, lonke eli candelo limi ecaleni.

Umbuzo Osaseleyo

Namhlanje, ishishini le-exosome lijongene nombuzo obandayo nongenakuphepheka:

Ingaba le yingcamango yokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba kuqhume iqamza lobuchwepheshe?
Okanye umsebenzi obuhlungu owandulela inkqubela yokwenyani yesayensi?

Impendulo ikwiphepha elingekabhalwa.

⸻

Isikhanyeli

Ulwazi olunikiweyo kweli nqaku lolwereferensi ngokubanzi kuphela kwaye aluqulunqi ingcebiso okanye iziqinisekiso zobungcali.

Zonke iinkampani, imibutho, iimveliso, kunye nedatha ekhankanyiweyo (kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga kwidatha yemarike kunye namanani emali) zifunyenwe kulwazi olufumaneka esidlangalaleni. Akukho siqinisekiso senziweyo malunga nokuchaneka kwazo, ukufaneleka kwazo, okanye ukuphelela kwazo.

Abafundi kufuneka baqinisekise kwaye bavavanye ulwazi ngokwabo ngaphambi kokuba bathathe naliphi na inyathelo. Umbhali kunye nomshicileli abanaxanduva lwazo naziphi na iilahleko ezithe ngqo okanye ezingathanga ngqo ezivela ekuxhomekekeni kulo mxholo.