Imvange y’uturemangingo yahoze ifatwa nk’ “imyanda y’uturemangingo” yibasiwe cyane mu nyandiko z’ibinyabuzima, ubu yahindutse “izahabu y’amazi” mu maso y’imari—inganda ifite agaciro ka miliyari mirongo.

Kuva ku byagaragaye muri laboratwari bitazwi kugeza ku kwihutisha zahabu mu nganda, kuva ku gushidikanya ku bumenyi kugeza ku gushyuha mu bucuruzi - murakaza neza mu rugendo rudasanzwe rw'ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku bimera. Uyu munsi, reka duce mu buryo butangaje kandi dusobanure "impinduramatwara" ikwirakwira mu bumenyi bw'ubuzima.

Kuva kuri "Imyanda ya Selefone" kugera kuri Sisitemu yemewe y'Iposita:

Izamuka rya Exosomes

Mu 1983, abashakashatsi bo muri Kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins, ubwo bigaga ku turemangingo tw’intama, bahuye n’udusimba duto kandi tw’amayobera. Utwo duce twasaga n’“udufuka tw’imyanda” tw’uturemangingo, twuzuyemo poroteyine ingirabuzimafatizo zitari zigikeneye. Umuryango wa siyansi warebye hejuru gato uti: “Ni imyanda gusa.”

Mu 1987, Porofeseri Rose Johnstone yise ku mugaragaro izi vesicles "exosomes", ijambo rigikoreshwa na n'ubu.

Impinduka zaraje mu 1996. G. Raposo na bagenzi be bavumbuye ko exosomes zituruka kuri lymphocytes B zari zifite molekile za MHC zo mu cyiciro cya II zishobora gukora uturemangingo twa T muri vitro. Iki cyari ikimenyetso cya mbere cyerekana ko exosomes zifite imirimo yo kugenzura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri—kandi byafunguye amarembo ku ruhare rwazo nk' “abatanga ubutumwa ku turemangingo.”

Mu magambo make: uturemangingo tw’umwijima twandika ubutumwa, tukabuha umutanga ubutumwa, unyura mu maraso maze ukakirwa n’uturemangingo tw’impyiko.

Icyo gihe ariko, amashuri makuru yari atarabyemera.
“Ntibishoboka.”
"Bishoboka ko byanduzanya."

Bityo, igihe cya mbere cy’ubushakashatsi ku bintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima byarangiye bucece mu gushidikanya. Nyamara inzira z’amateka zari zaratangiye guhinduka.

2007: Igihe ibintu byose byahindutse

Mu 2007, exosomes zagarutse mu buryo butangaje.

Inyandiko y'ingenzi yasohotse n'ikipe ya Jan Lötvall mu kinyamakuru cy'umuryango wa Nature yagaragaje ko exosomes zidatwara ibimenyetso gusa—zitwara amabwiriza ya genetiki ashobora kwandika iherezo ry'uturemangingo.

Tekereza ibi: ingirabuzimafatizo ishyira mRNA yayo y'ingenzi cyane na miRNA igenzura mu gasanduku k'ibinyabuzima gashyirwa mu mazi y'umubiri. Iyo imaze kwakirwa n'urundi rugingo, aya mabwiriza arapfukurwa, agahindurwamo poroteyine nshya, cyangwa agakoreshwa mu kuvugurura gahunda zo kugaragaza imiterere y'uturemangingo.

Ubu buvumbuzi bwari ingenzi cyane.

Exosomes ntizari zikiri ibintu bidasanzwe—zabaye uburyo bwemewe bwo kohereza amakuru ku ngirabuzimafatizo hagati y’uturemangingo. Ishyaka rya siyansi ryariyongereye cyane, maze laboratwari ku isi yose zibanda kuri izi ntumwa za nanoscale.

Bidatinze, abashakashatsi basanze exosomes ziri ahantu hose—kandi zihora ari zo zigize uruhare mu bikorwa byazo:
• Mu bidukikije bito bya kanseri, uturemangingo twa kanseri twuzuza ibimenyetso bishyigikira kanseri n'ubutumwa buhisha ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, bikangiza ingirabuzima ndende zikikije ndetse n'imiyoboro y'ibikoresho byo kwigarurira.
• Mu isi y’uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo, uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo tuyobora uturemangingo tudakuze mu buryo bukwiye, gusana ingirabuzimafatizo no kongera kuvugurura.

Umurwa Mukuru Winjira mu Kibuga:

Urusaku rw'ubucuruzi ruratangira

Mu 2013, igihembo cya Nobel mu buvuzi cyangwa ubuvuzi cyagaragaje uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucuruzi bw’uturemangingo mu turemangingo. Nubwo ijambo "exosome" ritavuzwe mu buryo bweruye, ubutumwa bwari busobanutse neza: sisitemu y’imbere y’uturemangingo yari yarahawe ishimwe rikomeye rya siyansi.

Capital yumvise.

Imitekerereze y'ubucuruzi yahise igaragara:
Niba ingirabuzimafatizo zikora kandi zigashyiramo ibikoresho by’ubuzima, abantu bashobora guhindura ibyo bikoresho mu gisekuru gitaha cy’ubuvuzi bugezweho?

Ishoramari ryinjijwe cyane.

Mu 2015, Codiak BioSciences yashinzwe kugira ngo iteze imbere imiti yo kuvura kanseri y’agakoko gatera kanseri. Muri uwo mwaka, yakusanyije miliyoni 31 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu cyiciro cya A, ikurikirwa na miliyoni 61 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu cyiciro cya B na miliyoni 76.5 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu cyiciro cya C. Mu 2020, Codiak yabashije kugaragara kuri NASDAQ.

Hagati aho, ibipimo by’ibipimo bikomoka kuri exosome byatangiye kugaragara nk'inkingi y'ingenzi mu gusuzuma ibipimo by’amazi. Ugereranyije n’uturemangingo tw’ibibyimba bizenguruka (CTCs), ibipimo byoroshye cyane kubibona—biboneka hafi ya byose mu mazi. Gufata amaraso rimwe gusa bishobora kugaragaza ibimenyetso bya kanseri. Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Precedence Research kibitangaza, mu 2022, 7.67% by’ibigo mpuzamahanga bya IVD mu ishami rya biopsy ryibandaga ku gusuzuma ibipimo by’amazi n’ibipimo byo hanze y’umubiri.

Kwambukiranya ubwiza n'ubwiza bw'uruhu

Exosomes nazo zinjiye bucece mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi n'urwego rw'ubuvuzi.

Ibintu bisanzwe bikora akenshi bikunze kugorwa no kwinjira muri stratum corneum bitewe n'ingano ya molekile cyangwa ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka. Ariko, exosomes zishobora gutanga miRNA na poroteyine binyuze mu guhindura inzira z'ingenzi zo gutanga ibimenyetso, bigatuma habaho guhuza neza kwa selile no kohereza imizigo.

Ubushakashatsi bwa Clarins bwagaragaje ko exosomes zikomoka kuri keratinocyte zigira uruhare runini mu kugenzura irangi. Umusaruro wayo wa Bright Plus Serum urimo ibikomoka ku mbuto zoroshye zo mu muhogo w'ingwe kugira ngo bihagarike iyi nzira aho ituruka.

Sulwhasoo's Timetreasure Honorstige Cream ifite exosomes zikomoka kuri ginseng zagenewe kwibasira ibimenyetso byinshi by’ubusaza.

Uko ikoranabuhanga rikomoka ku bimera rikomeza gutera imbere, ni ko n'ibindi bicuruzwa byinshi byo kwisiga birimo kwinjira mu isoko. Uku "gukwirakwira" kw'ibimera byo kwisiga si amayeri yo kwamamaza gusa—ni umusaruro utazibagirana w'ikoranabuhanga, inyungu z'ibikoresho fatizo, n'impinduka mu gukenera kw'isoko.

Munsi y'ibirori:

Ububabare cyangwa Gukura?

Inyuma y'ibyishimo, hari imbogamizi zikomeye zigaragara.

Icya mbere: gutunganya. Ni gute exosomes zishobora gutandukanywa neza n'urusaku rwinshi rw'ibinyabuzima?
Icya kabiri: gupakira imizigo. Gupakira amakuru neza muri exosomes ntibikora neza—nk'aho gupakira ibintu bitandukanye mu mapaki ibihumbi mirongo, ni inzozi mbi zo kongera umusaruro.
Icya gatatu: amabwiriza. Ese uburyo bwo kuvura uturemangingo twa exosomes ni bwo buvuzi? Uburyo bwo gutanga imiti? Imiti ya gene? Inzira zo kugenzura ziracyari zitazwi neza, bigatuma abahanga mu guhanga udushya banyura mu gihu.

Impamyabumenyi ikomeye cyane yaturutse ku buzima bw'abantu.

Mu 2022, umuti wa Codiak wari witezwe cyane wananiwe kugera ku ntego zawo z'ibanze zo kuvura. Igiciro cy'imigabane cya sosiyete cyaraguye mu ijoro rimwe. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, Codiak yasabye guhomba. Ku nshuro ya mbere, icyuho kiri hagati y'ibitekerezo bya siyansi n'ukuri kw'ubuvuzi cyashyizwe ahagaragara.

Muri icyo gihe, mu rwego rw’ubwiza bw’ibintu byari bigenzurwa neza, havutse impaka. “Amasegereti y’ingirabuzimafatizo,” “amasegereti akomoka ku nyamaswa”—amagambo y’urujijo yariyongereye, mu gihe ubugenzuzi bwari busigaye inyuma. Amasegereti ahenze cyane yapfutse ukuri kw’ibintu bidasobanutse neza. Hari ubwo igitekerezo cy’amasegereti cyahindutse nk’ikinyabutabire cya none gikubiye mu mvugo za siyansi.

Ndetse no mu mashuri makuru, hagaragaye gushidikanya ku bintu by’ibanze:
Ese byinshi mu "bikorwa by'ibitangaza" bivugwa bishobora kuba ari ibintu by'ingenzi mu miterere y'uturemangingo?
Iyo ubwumvikane bw'ibanze bwa siyansi butangiye guhungabana, urwego rwose ruhagarara ku nkengero.

Ikibazo gisigaye

Muri iki gihe, inganda zikora ku bintu bidasanzwe zihanganye n'ikibazo gikonje kandi kidashobora kwirindwa:

Ese iki ni cyo kintu cya nyuma mbere yuko ifuro ry'ikoranabuhanga riturika?
Cyangwa imirimo ibabaza ibanziriza iterambere nyaryo rya siyansi?

Igisubizo kiri ku rupapuro rutarashyirwa ahagaragara.

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Icyitonderwa

Amakuru atangwa muri iyi ngingo ni ay’ingenzi gusa kandi ntabwo ari inama z’inzobere cyangwa garanti.

Ibigo byose, imiryango, ibicuruzwa, n'amakuru yavuzwe (harimo ariko ntibigarukira ku makuru yo ku isoko n'imibare y'imari) bituruka ku makuru aboneka ku mugaragaro. Nta garanti itangwa yerekeye ukuri kwabyo, igihe, cyangwa uko byakozwe.

Abasomyi bagomba kugenzura no gusuzuma amakuru ku giti cyabo mbere yo kugira icyo bakora. Umwanditsi n'umwanditsi nta nshingano bafite ku gihombo icyo ari cyo cyose cyaturutse ku kwishingikiriza kuri ibi bikubiye muri iyi nyandiko.