Njengoba zake zalahlwa “njengemfucumfucu yamangqamuzana” enganakwa efihliwe emaphepheni ezinto eziphilayo, ama-exosome manje asephenduke “igolide eliwuketshezi” emehlweni emali—imboni ebiza amashumi ezigidigidi.

Kusukela ekubonweni okungaqondakali kwelabhorethri kuya ekugijimeni kwegolide kwezimboni, kusukela ekungabazeni kwezemfundo kuya ekuxakekeni kwezentengiselwano—siyakwamukela ohambweni olungavamile lwama-exosome. Namuhla, ake sinqamule i-hype futhi sichaze “inguquko yokulethwa” esakazeka kuzo zonke isayensi yokuphila.

Kusukela “Kudoti Weselula” Kuya Kuhlelo Lweposi Olusemthethweni:

Ukuvela Kwama-Exosome

Ngo-1983, abacwaningi eJohns Hopkins University, ngesikhathi befunda ama-reticulocyte ezimvu, bathola ama-vesicle amancane, ayimfihlakalo. Lezi zinhlayiya zazibukeka “njengezikhwama zikadoti” zeseli, ezigcwele amaprotheni iseli elalingasawadingi. Umphakathi wesayensi awuzange ubheke phezulu: “Udoti weseli kuphela.”

Ngo-1987, uSolwazi Rose Johnstone waqamba ngokusemthethweni la ma-vesicle ngokuthi “ama-exosome”, igama elisetshenziswa nanamuhla.

Ushintsho lwafika ngo-1996. U-G. Raposo kanye nozakwabo bathola ukuthi ama-exosome akhishwa yi-B lymphocyte ayephethe ama-molecule e-MHC class II akwazi ukusebenza kuma-T cells in vitro. Lobu kwakuwubufakazi bokuqala bokuthi ama-exosome anemisebenzi yokulawula amasosha omzimba—futhi kwavula umnyango wendima yawo “njengabathumeli beselula.”

Kalula nje: iseli lesibindi libhala umlayezo, liwunike i-exosome courier, ehamba ngegazi bese yamukelwa yiseli lezinso.

Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, izazi zemfundo ephakeme zazingakholwa.
"Akunakwenzeka."
"Kungenzeka kube ukungcola."

Ngakho-ke, inkathi yokuqala yocwaningo lwe-exosome yaphela ngokungabaza buthule. Kodwa amagiya esiphetho ayeseqalile kakade ukuguquka.

2007: Isikhathi Konke Okwashintsha Ngaso

Ngo-2007, ama-exosome aqala ukubuya ngendlela emangalisayo.

Iphepha elibalulekile elanyatheliswa yithimba likaJan Lötvall encwadini yomndeni we-Nature lembule ukuthi ama-exosome awagcini nje ngokuphatha izimpawu—athwala imiyalelo yezakhi zofuzo ekwazi ukubhala kabusha isiphetho seseli.

Cabanga ngalokhu: iseli lifaka i-mRNA yalo ebaluleke kakhulu kanye ne-miRNA elawulayo kuyi-exosome—ibhokisi lokulethwa kwezinto eziphilayo—elikhishwa emanzini omzimba. Uma selimukelwe elinye iseli, le miyalelo iyasuswa, ihunyushwe ibe amaprotheni amasha, noma isetshenziswe ukwakha kabusha izinhlelo zokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Lokhu kutholwa kwaba yinto eqinisekile.

Ama-Exosome ayengaseyona imikhiqizo engenzi lutho—aba uhlelo olusemthethweni lweposi lokuxhumana kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwamaseli. Intshiseko yesayensi yanda, futhi amalabhorethri emhlabeni wonke agxila kulezi zithunywa ze-nanoscale.

Ngokushesha, abacwaningi baqaphela ukuthi ama-exosomes akhona yonke indawo—futhi ahlala ephakathi kwesenzo:
• Endaweni encane yesimila, amangqamuzana omdlavuza afaka ama-exosome ngezibonakaliso ze-pro-tumor kanye nemiyalezo efihla amasosha omzimba, onakalise izicubu ezizungezile ezinempilo kanye nemigqa yokwakha yokungena.
• Ezweni lama-stem cell, ama-exosome aqondisa amaseli angavuthiwe ekuhlukaniseni okufanele, ekulungisweni kwezicubu, nasekuvuseleleni kabusha.

Inhloko-dolobha Ingena Enkundleni:

Ukuqala Kwengxolo Yezentengiselwano

Ngo-2013, uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysiology noma kwezokwelapha wagqamisa ukulawulwa kokushushumbiswa kwama-vesicle ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Nakuba igama elithi “exosome” lalingakhulunywanga ngokucacile, umyalezo wawucacile: uhlelo lwangaphakathi lwezokuthutha lweseli lwaluthole ukuvunyelwa okuphezulu kwesayensi.

UCapital ulalele.

Umqondo webhizinisi wavele waba sobala:
Uma amangqamuzana ekhiqiza futhi ethumela izithunywa zezinto eziphilayo ngokwemvelo, ingabe abantu bangakwazi ukuklama lezi zithunywa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo sezindlela zokwelapha ezinembile?

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangena.

Ngo-2015, i-Codiak BioSciences yasungulwa ukuthuthukisa imithi yokwelapha umdlavuza we-pancreatic esezingeni lomtholampilo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, yaqoqa ama-USD ayizigidi ezingu-31 ku-Series A, yalandelwa ama-USD ayizigidi ezingu-61 ku-Series B kanye nama-USD ayizigidi ezingu-76.5 ku-Series C. Ngo-2020, i-Codiak yafakwa ohlwini ngempumelelo ku-NASDAQ.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-biomarker asuselwa ku-exosome aqala ukuvela njengesisekelo se-biopsy yoketshezi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli esimila ajikelezayo (ama-CTC), ama-exosome kulula kakhulu ukuwathola—akhona cishe kuzo zonke izinhlayiya zomzimba. Ukudonswa kwegazi okukodwa kungaveza iminonjana yomdlavuza. Ngokusho kwe-Precedence Research, ngo-2022, ama-7.67% ezinkampani zomhlaba wonke ze-IVD esikhaleni se-biopsy yoketshezi agxile ekutholakaleni kwe-exosome kanye ne-extracellular vesicle.

Ukuwela Ubuhle Nokunakekelwa Kwesikhumba

Ama-Exosome nawo angene ngokuthula enkundleni yobuhle bezokwelapha kanye nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba.

Izithako ezisebenzayo zendabuko zivame ukuba nzima ukungena ku-stratum corneum ngenxa yobukhulu bama-molecule noma ukulinganiselwa kokuzinza. Nokho, ama-exosome angaletha ama-miRNA namaprotheni ngokushintsha izindlela zokubonisana ezibalulekile, afinyelele ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli kanye nokulethwa kwemithwalo okuphumelelayo.

Ucwaningo lwe-Clarins lubonise ukuthi ama-exosome atholakala ku-keratinocyte adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umbala. Umkhiqizo wawo i-Bright Plus Serum uhlanganisa isithelo se-tiger tail esibushelelezi ukuze kuvinjelwe le ndlela emthonjeni.

I-Sulwhasoo's Timetreasure Honorstige Cream ine-exosomes etholakala ku-ginseng eyenzelwe ukuqondisa ama-biomarker amaningi okuguga.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-exosome obuvela ezitshalweni buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, izinhlobo eziningi zezimonyo ziyangena emkhakheni. Lokhu "kuvela" kwe-exosome yezitshalo akuyona nje icebo lokumaketha—kungumphumela ongenakugwenywa wokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe, izinzuzo zezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nesidingo semakethe esishintshashintshayo.

Ngaphansi Komkhosi:

I-Bubble noma Ubuhlungu Bokukhula?

Ngemuva kwenjabulo, kunezinselele ezinkulu ezisazovela.

Okokuqala: ukuhlanzwa. Ama-exosome angahlukaniswa kanjani ngempumelelo nomsindo omkhulu webhayoloji?
Okwesibili: ukulayisha imithwalo. Ukulayisha ulwazi ngendlela efanele kuma-exosome kusalokhu kungasebenzi kahle—kufana nokupakisha izinto ezahlukene ngesandla emaphaketheni angamashumi ezinkulungwane, okuyiphupho elibi lokukhulisa imithwalo.
Okwesithathu: umthethonqubo. Ingabe izindlela zokwelapha zamaseli e-exosome? Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa? Imithi yezakhi zofuzo? Izindlela zomthetho azikacaci, okuphoqa abakhiqizi ukuba bahambe enkungwini.

Umsindo onzima kakhulu wokuvuka uvele eqinisweni lezokwelapha.

Ngo-2022, umuthi we-exosome owawulindelwe kakhulu we-Codiak wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nemigomo yawo eyinhloko yezokwelapha. Intengo yesitoko senkampani yehla ngobusuku obubodwa. Ngonyaka olandelayo, i-Codiak yafaka isicelo sokuqothuka. Okokuqala ngqa, igebe phakathi kombono wesayensi kanye neqiniso lezokwelapha lavezwa obala.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emkhakheni wezobuhle obulawulwa kalula, kwaqubuka impikiswano. “Ama-exosome e-stem cell,” “ama-exosome asuselwa ezilwaneni”—amagama axakile anda, kuyilapho ukunganakwa kusasele ngemuva. Ama-serum abiza kakhulu afihla amaqiniso ezithako ezingacacile. Kwezinye izimo, umqondo wama-exosome waguquka waba yi-alchemy yesimanje ehlanganiswe ngamazwi esayensi.

Ngisho nangaphakathi kwezemfundo, kwavela ukungabaza okuyisisekelo:
Ingabe “imiphumela yezimangaliso” eminingi ebikiwe ingaba nje yizinto ezibonakalayo zezimo zokukhuliswa kwamaseli?
Lapho ukuvumelana okuyisisekelo kwesayensi kuqala ukuzamazama, yonke insimu imi onqenqemeni.

Umbuzo Osasele

Namuhla, imboni ye-exosome ibhekene nombuzo obandayo nongenakugwenywa:

Ingabe lokhu kuwukukhohlisa kokugcina ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwebhamuza lobuchwepheshe?
Noma umsebenzi obuhlungu owandulela intuthuko yangempela yesayensi?

Impendulo itholakala ekhasini elingakabhalwa.

⸻

Isihlangululo

Ulwazi olunikezwe kulesi sihloko lungolwesithenjwa esijwayelekile kuphela futhi aluyona iseluleko sochwepheshe noma iziqinisekiso.

Zonke izinkampani, izinhlangano, imikhiqizo, kanye nedatha okukhulunywe ngayo (kufaka phakathi kodwa kungagcini nje ngedatha yemakethe kanye nezibalo zezimali) zitholakala olwazini olutholakala emphakathini. Akukho siqinisekiso esenziwe mayelana nokunemba kwazo, ukufika ngesikhathi, noma ukuphelela kwazo.

Abafundi kufanele baqinisekise futhi bahlole ulwazi ngokuzimela ngaphambi kokuthatha noma yisiphi isinyathelo. Umbhali nomshicileli abanawo umthwalo wemfanelo nganoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa okuqondile noma okungaqondile okuvela ekuthembeleni kulokhu okuqukethwe.