Poyamba ankaonedwa ngati “zinyalala za maselo” zomwe zinali m’mapepala a zamoyo, ma exosome tsopano akhala “golide wamadzi” m’maso mwa makampani—makampani omwe ali ndi ndalama zokwana mabiliyoni ambiri.

Kuyambira pakuwona zinthu zosamveka bwino m'ma laboratories mpaka kufika pa golide wambiri m'mafakitale, kuyambira pa kukayikira kwa maphunziro mpaka pakuchita malonda—talandirani ulendo wodabwitsa wa ma exosomes. Lero, tiyeni tidule mphekesera ndikuzindikira "kusintha kwa kupereka" komwe kukuchitika m'masayansi a zamoyo.

Kuchokera ku "Zinyalala za Mafoni" kupita ku Dongosolo Lovomerezeka la Positi:

Kukwera kwa Exosomes

Mu 1983, ofufuza ku Johns Hopkins University, pamene ankaphunzira za ma reticulocyte a nkhosa, anapeza ma vesicles ang'onoang'ono komanso osamvetsetseka. Tinthu timeneti tinkaoneka ngati “matumba a zinyalala” a maselo, odzaza ndi mapuloteni omwe selo silinkafunikiranso. Asayansi sanafunenso kufunafuna: “Zinyalala za maselo zokha.”

Mu 1987, Pulofesa Rose Johnstone adatchula mwalamulo ma vesicles awa kuti "exosomes", mawu omwe amagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano.

Kusintha kwakukulu kunafika mu 1996. G. Raposo ndi anzake adapeza kuti ma exosome omwe amatulutsidwa ndi ma B lymphocytes anali ndi mamolekyu a MHC class II omwe amatha kuyambitsa maselo a T mu vitro. Uwu unali umboni woyamba wakuti ma exosome ali ndi ntchito zowongolera chitetezo cha mthupi—ndipo unatsegula chitseko cha ntchito yawo monga “otumiza mauthenga a m’maselo.”

Mwachidule: selo la chiwindi limalemba uthenga, nkuupereka kwa mthenga wa exosome, yemwe amayenda m'magazi ndipo amalandiridwa ndi selo la impso.

Komabe, panthawiyo, masukulu akuluakulu sanakhulupirire.
"Sizingatheke."
"Kungakhale kuipitsidwa."

Motero, nthawi yoyamba ya kafukufuku wa exosome inatha mwakachetechete ndi kukayikira. Komabe zida za tsogolo zinali zitayamba kale kutembenuka.

2007: Nthawi Yomwe Zonse Zinasintha

Mu 2007, ma exosomes adabwereranso modabwitsa.

Pepala lofunika kwambiri lofalitsidwa ndi gulu la Jan Lötvall mu magazini ya banja la Nature linavumbula kuti ma exosome samangokhala ndi zizindikiro zokha—amanyamula malangizo a majini omwe amatha kulembanso tsogolo la maselo.

Tangoganizirani izi: selo limayika mRNA yake yofunika kwambiri ndi miRNA yolamulira mu exosome—bokosi lotumizira la zamoyo—lomwe limatulutsidwa m'madzi amthupi. Likalandira malangizowa ndi selo lina, amatsegulidwa, kumasuliridwa kukhala mapuloteni atsopano, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mapulogalamu owonetsera majini.

Kupeza kumeneku kunali kotsimikizika.

Ma Exosome sanalinso zinthu zina zomwe zimangokhalapo—anakhala njira yovomerezeka yotumizira mauthenga a majini pakati pa maselo. Chidwi cha sayansi chinakula kwambiri, ndipo ma laboratories padziko lonse lapansi anayang'ana kwambiri ma nanoscale messengers awa.

Posakhalitsa, ofufuza anazindikira kuti ma exosome ali paliponse—ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala pakati pa zochita:
• Mu malo ozungulira chotupa, maselo a khansa amadzaza ma exosome ndi zizindikiro zoyambitsa chotupa ndi mauthenga obisa chitetezo cha mthupi, zomwe zimawononga minofu yathanzi yozungulira ndi mizere yomangira kuti ilowe.
• M'dziko la maselo oyambira, ma exosome amatsogolera maselo osakhwima kuti asiyanitse bwino, akonzedwe bwino minofu, komanso kuti ayambenso kugwira ntchito.

Capital Yalowa M'bwalo:

Chisokonezo Chamalonda Chiyamba

Mu 2013, Mphoto ya Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine inagogomezera kwambiri malamulo okhudza kugulitsa ma vesicle mkati mwa maselo. Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "exosome" sanatchulidwe momveka bwino, uthengawo unali woonekeratu: dongosolo la mkati mwa selo linali litavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi sayansi.

Capital anamvetsera.

Malingaliro a bizinesi mwadzidzidzi anaonekeratu:
Ngati maselo mwachibadwa amapanga ndi kutumiza ma courier a zamoyo, kodi anthu angapange ma courier awa kukhala m'badwo wotsatira wa machiritso olondola?

Ndalama zinalowa.

Mu 2015, Codiak BioSciences idakhazikitsidwa kuti ipange mankhwala ochizira khansa ya kapamba. Chaka chomwecho, idapeza ndalama zokwana USD 31 miliyoni mu Series A, kutsatiridwa ndi USD 61 miliyoni mu Series B ndi USD 76.5 miliyoni mu Series C. Mu 2020, Codiak idalembedwa bwino pa NASDAQ.

Pakadali pano, zizindikiro zochokera ku exosome zinayamba kuonekera ngati maziko a biopsy yamadzimadzi. Poyerekeza ndi maselo otupa ozungulira (CTCs), ma exosome ndi osavuta kupeza—omwe amapezeka pafupifupi m'madzi onse amthupi. Kutengedwa kamodzi kokha kwa magazi kumatha kuwonetsa zizindikiro za khansa. Malinga ndi Precedence Research, mu 2022, 7.67% ya makampani apadziko lonse lapansi a IVD omwe ali m'malo ofufuzira madzimadzi adayang'ana kwambiri kuzindikira exosome ndi vesicle yakunja.

Kupita ku Zokongoletsa ndi Kusamalira Khungu

Ma Exosomes nawonso alowa mwakachetechete m'malo okongoletsa khungu ndi m'malo osamalira khungu.

Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimavutika kulowa mu stratum corneum chifukwa cha kukula kwa mamolekyulu kapena kulephera kukhazikika. Komabe, ma exosome amatha kupereka ma miRNA ndi mapuloteni mwa kusintha njira zazikulu zolumikizirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo azitha kusakanikirana bwino komanso kutumiza katundu.

Kafukufuku wa Clarins wasonyeza kuti ma exosome ochokera ku keratinocyte amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakulamulira mtundu wa khungu. Bright Plus Serum yake imagwiritsa ntchito chotsitsa cha zipatso za mchira wa tiger kuti chilepheretse njira imeneyi kuchokera ku gwero.

Kirimu ya Sulwhasoo ya Timetreasure Honorstige ili ndi ma exosomes ochokera ku ginseng omwe adapangidwa kuti azitha kuyang'ana ma biomarker ambiri okalamba.

Pamene ukadaulo wochokera ku zomera ukupita patsogolo, mitundu yambiri yokongoletsera ikuyamba kugwira ntchito. "Kufalikira" kumeneku kwa zomera sikungokhala njira yotsatsira malonda—ndi zotsatira zosapeŵeka za kukhwima kwa ukadaulo, ubwino wa zinthu zopangira, komanso kufunikira kwa msika komwe kukukula.

Pansi pa Chikondwerero:

Kupweteka kwa Thupi Kapena Kukula?

Kumbuyo kwa chisangalalochi, mavuto aakulu akuonekera.

Choyamba: kuyeretsa. Kodi ma exosomes angachotsedwe bwanji bwino ku phokoso lalikulu la zamoyo?
Chachiwiri: kunyamula katundu. Kuyika chidziwitso molondola mu exosomes sikuli bwino—monga kulongedza zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamanja m'mapaketi ambirimbiri, vuto lalikulu lokulitsa katundu.
Chachitatu: malamulo. Kodi ma exosomes ndi njira zochiritsira maselo? Njira zoperekera mankhwala? Mankhwala a majini? Njira zowongolera sizikudziwika bwino, zomwe zikukakamiza opanga zinthu zatsopano kuti azitha kuyenda mu chifunga.

Kudzuka koopsa kwambiri kunachokera ku zenizeni zachipatala.

Mu 2022, mankhwala a Codiak omwe ankayembekezeredwa kwambiri sanakwanitse kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zazikulu zachipatala. Mtengo wa magawo a kampaniyo unatsika usiku wonse. Pofika chaka chotsatira, Codiak inapempha kuti ichotsedwe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro asayansi ndi zenizeni zachipatala kunaonekera.

Nthawi yomweyo, m'gawo la kukongola lomwe silinkalamuliridwa bwino, mkangano unabuka. "Ma exosome a maselo oyambira," "ma exosome ochokera ku nyama" - mawu odabwitsa anachulukirachulukira, pomwe kuyang'aniridwa kunali kocheperako. Ma serum okwera mtengo kwambiri anabisa zoonadi zosawoneka bwino za zinthu zosakaniza. Nthawi zina, lingaliro la ma exosome linasanduka alchemy yamakono yokhala ndi mawu osavuta asayansi.

Ngakhale m'masukulu apamwamba, kukayikira kwakukulu kunabuka:
Kodi zambiri mwa "zotsatira zodabwitsa" zomwe zanenedwazo zingakhale zinthu zakale zomwe zimasonyeza momwe maselo amakulira?
Pamene mgwirizano wa sayansi ukuyamba kugwedezeka, gawo lonselo lili m'mphepete.

Funso Lomwe Lilipobe

Masiku ano, makampani opanga zinthu zooneka ngati exosome akukumana ndi funso lozizira komanso losapeŵeka:

Kodi ichi ndi chinyengo chomaliza chisanachitike kuphulika kwa thovu laukadaulo?
Kapena ntchito yopweteka yomwe isanachitike chitukuko chenicheni cha sayansi?

Yankho lake lili patsamba lomwe silinalembedwebe.

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Chodzikanira

Zomwe zaperekedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi za anthu onse ndipo sizipereka upangiri kapena chitsimikizo cha akatswiri.

Makampani onse, mabungwe, zinthu, ndi deta yomwe yatchulidwa (kuphatikiza koma osati kokha deta yamsika ndi ziwerengero zachuma) imachokera kuzidziwitso zomwe zikupezeka pagulu. Palibe chitsimikizo choperekedwa chokhudza kulondola kwawo, nthawi yake, kapena kukwanira kwawo.

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